1. A child typically enters the mental health system           .
2. byaskingfora referral from a pediatrician
3. throughthecriminaljusticesystem
4. bytheactions,positiveornegative,ofpeers
5. through teachers, counselors, orparents

ANSWER: d

1. Many child and adolescent problems can be best describedasthe     .
2. failure to demonstrate expected developmentalprogress
3. absenceofthekeysurvivalskillsneededtothrive
4. result of excessive expectations byparents
5. stresses associated with educationaldemands

ANSWER: a

1. Patternsofbehavioral,cognitive,emotional,orphysicalsymptomsshownbyanindividualaredefinedas        .
2. psychologicaldisorders
3. defiance ofnorms
4. disobedience
5. distress

ANSWER: a

1. Interventions for children and adolescents are oftenintendedto.
2. restore previous levels offunctioning
3. serveasa warning for negative behavior
4. reformbehaviortoconformtonorms
5. eliminate distress andpromote further development

ANSWER: d

1. Inthe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, children’s mental health problems were attributedto         .
2. possessionbythedevilorotherevilforces
3. poor parentingpractices
4. chemicalimbalances
5. lowself-esteem

ANSWER: a

1. Intheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,actsofchildmaltreatmentwere.
2. illegalandpunishablebyseverefines
3. very uncommon but largelyoverlooked
4. practiced primarily among lower socioeconomicclasses
5. consideredtobea parent’s right for educating or disciplining a child

ANSWER: d

1. John Locke (1632–1704) advanced the belief thatchildrenwere    .

1. possessed by thedevil
2. uncivilized
3. emotionally sensitivebeings
4. youngadults

ANSWER: c

1. The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775–1838) is notable in that     .

1. hisorientationtowardchildrenwasoneofcareandhelping,incontrasttothetimes
2. hewasthefirstdocumentedindividualtousebehavioraltechniqueswithchildren
3. hewasa strong advocate for sending disturbed children to asylums
4. heinitiatedtheMassachusetts’StubbornChildAct

ANSWER: a

1. HowdidJean-MarcGaspardItardbelievehecouldtamethe“wildboyofAveyron”?
2. Exorcism
3. Environmentalstimulation
4. Allowhimtobehaveashedidinthewild
5. Peermodeling

ANSWER: b

1. WhichmethoddidJean-MarcGaspardItardusetotamethe“wildboyofAveyron”?
2. Coldshowers
3. Tranquilizers
4. Timeouts
5. Massages

ANSWER: d

1. Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,childrenwithintellectualdisabilitieswereregardedas        .
2. sufferingfrom“moralinsanity”
3. imbeciles
4. lunatics
5. possessed by thedevil

ANSWER: b

1. Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,childrenwithnormalcognitiveabilitiesbutdisturbingbehaviorwerethoughtto be         .
2. sufferingfrom“moralinsanity”
3. imbeciles
4. diseased
5. possessed by thedevil

ANSWER: a

1. The first disorder unique to children andadolescentswas    .
2. masturbatoryinsanity
3. schizoiddisorder
4. moralinsanity
5. manicdepression

ANSWER: a

1. Duringtheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury,thebiologicaldiseasemodelofmentalproblemsledto   .
2. thebeliefthatmentalillnesshadnophysicalbasis
3. improvedtreatments
4. more controlled researchmethods
5. eugenics andsegregation

ANSWER: d

1. Freudwasthefirsttolinkmentaldisordersto      .
2. neurotransmitterimbalances
3. early childhoodexperiences
4. possession by evilspirits
5. classicalconditioning

ANSWER: b

1. Freud’s theoryfocusedon       .
2. single causes ofbehavior
3. multiple causes ofbehavior
4. diseases of themind
5. neurological causes ofbehavior

ANSWER: b

1. Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categoriesarecalled.
2. etiologies
3. differentials
4. nosologies
5. prescriptives

ANSWER: c

1. Whoisreferredtoasthe“FatherofBehaviorism”?
2. Freud
3. Albert
4. Watson
5. Rayner

ANSWER: c

1. Thedevelopmentof        treatmentcanbetracedbacktotheriseofbehaviorismintheearly1900s.
2. psychodynamic
3. evidence-based
4. group-based
5. humanist

ANSWER: b

1. Inthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,mostchildrenwithmentaldisorderswere     .
2. institutionalized
3. treated with behaviortherapy
4. treated withpsychoanalysis
5. overlooked

ANSWER: a

1. The work ofReneSpitz       .

1. ledtothedevelopmentofanorganicmodelofmentalillness
2. isthefirstdocumentedattempttohelpa special needs child
3. ledtosomeofthefirstempiricallysupportedbehavioraltechniquesforeliminatingchildren’sfears
4. raisedseriousquestionsabouttheharmfulimpactofinstitutionalizationonchildren’sdevelopment

ANSWER: d

1. During the 1950s and1960s,
2. psychoanalysis
3. familytherapy
4. behavior therapy
5. institutionalization

ANSWER: c

emerged as a systematic approach to the treatment of childhood disorders.

1. TheIndividualswithDisabilitiesEducationAct(IDEA;PublicLaw104-446)mandates    .
2. segregatededucationforchildrenwithspecialneeds
3. theuseofIQtestsforassessingchildren
4. standardizedprogramsforchildrenidentifiedasspecialneeds
5. educationintheleastrestrictiveenvironmentpossible

ANSWER: d

1. WhatisthepurposeofanIndividualizedEducationalPlan(IEP)?
2. Totestthechildusingstandardizedtests
3. Toaccuratelydiagnoseeachchild’sillnessagainsta model
4. Totailorthechild’sschoolprogramtohisorherneeds
5. Tounderstandtheroleoffamilyhistoryinmentalhealth

ANSWER: c

1. The 2007 United Nations Treaty adopted a new convention to    .
2. providefreeandappropriateeducationtochildrenwithspecialneeds
3. improvedisabilityrightsandabolishdiscrimination
4. provide psychotherapy services to children with specialneeds
5. improvetestmeasurestodiagnosechildrenwithspecialneeds

ANSWER: b

1. Psychologicaldisordersaredefinedaspatternsofbehavioral,cognitive,emotional,orphysicalsymptomsthatare associatedwith          .
2. deviance
3. defiance ofnorms
4. disobedience
5. distress

ANSWER: d

1. Incontrasttoadults,abnormalityinchildrenisoftendefinedintermsof     .
2. stage ofdevelopment
3. everydaystress
4. disability
5. addiction

ANSWER: a

1. Whichdescriptionofa child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior?
2. Ashleyisa child with mental retardation.
3. Karlee is ananxious child.
4. Amberisa child with autism.
5. Robynisa child who is small.

ANSWER: b

1. Boundaries between abnormal versus normalfunctioningare      .
2. scientificallydefined
3. relativelyarbitrary
4. well-established
5. determined by eachfamily

ANSWER: b

1. Whatconceptstatesthatvariousoutcomesmaystemfromsimilarbeginningssuchaschildmaltreatment?
2. Trifinality
3. Ethnicfinality
4. Equifinality
5. Multifinality

ANSWER: d

1. Successful adaptation to the environmentvariesacross    .
2. psychologicaltheories
3. developmentalstages
4. region of thecountry
5. culture andethnicity

ANSWER: d

1. Theabilitytosuccessfullyadaptintheenvironmentisreferredtoas       .
2. intelligence
3. adjustment
4. resilience
5. coping

ANSWER: c

1. Todeterminea child’s competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of       .
2. institutionalnorms
3. animalbehavior
4. adultdysfunctions
5. developmentaltasks

ANSWER: d

1. Whichofthefollowingisnota developmental task of middle childhood?
2. Academicachievement
3. Getting along withpeers
4. Differentiating self fromenvironment
5. Rule-governedconduct

ANSWER: c

1. Whichofthefollowingisnota developmental task of adolescence?
2. Academicachievement
3. Self-control andcompliance
4. Forminga cohesive sense of self-identity
5. Involvement in extracurricularactivities

ANSWER: b

1. Whichofthefollowingisnota developmental task of infancy?
2. Attachment tocaregiver
3. Language
4. Differentiationofselffromenvironment
5. Formingclosefriendshipswithinandacrossgender

ANSWER: d

1. Whichofthefollowingisnotanaffectthatoccursbecauseofstigma?
2. Fear
3. Rejection
4. Avoidance
5. Motivation

ANSWER: d

1. Multifinality refers to theobservationthat          .
2. differentdisordersmaystemfromsimilarcauses
3. variousoutcomesmaystemfromsimilarbeginnings
4. thesamedisordermayhavedifferentcauses
5. developmentalpathwaysmayconvergeattheend

ANSWER: b

1. Conductdisordermayarisefromdifferentdevelopmentalpathways,a concept known as   .
2. equifinality
3. multifinality
4. developmentaldiversity
5. disorderedbeginnings

ANSWER: a

1. Whichisanexampleofresiliency?
2. Submissiveness
3. Copingskills
4. Networkingskills
5. Physicalaptitude

ANSWER: b

1. A risk factor is a variable that       .
2. follows a negative outcome
3. increasesthelikelihoodthata negative outcome will occur
4. indicates positiveoutcomes
5. decreasesthelikelihoodthatnegativeoutcomewilloccur

ANSWER: b

1. Whichofthefollowingistruewithrespecttoresilience?
2. Resilienceisrelevanttoa few, traumatic life events.
3. Resiliencecannotbelearnedortaught.
4. Resilience remains consistent overtime.
5. Resiliencemayvaryovertimeandacrosssituations.

ANSWER: d

1. Bytheyear2020,globalchildandadolescentmentalhealthissues,intermsofdisability,will       .
2. decrease by 50%
3. remainthesameasthepresentday
4. slightlyincrease
5. surpass physical healthissues

ANSWER: d

1. Whichriskfactorismostlikelytoincreasea child’s vulnerability to psychopathology?
2. Chronicpoverty
3. Impulsivity
4. Two-careerfamilies
5. Lack ofsiblings

ANSWER: a

1. “Forminga cohesive sense of self-identity” is a task done by children in which age group?
2. Infancy topreschool
3. Middlechildhood
4. Adolescence
5. None of these are correct

ANSWER: c

1. Girls have higherratesof        thanboys.
2. illiteracy
3. autism
4. depression
5. ADHD

ANSWER: c

1. Childhoodpovertyisa daily reality for about one in        children in the United States.
2. four
3. five
4. seven
5. eight

ANSWER: b

1. Whichstatementaboutchildren’smentalhealthisfalse?
2. About1 in 15 children has a mental health problem that impairs their functioning.
3. Approximately75%ofchildrenwithmentalhealthproblemsreceiveproperservices.
4. Raceplaysmoreofa role than socioeconomic status (SES) in disorder rates among children.
5. About1 in 10 children meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder.

ANSWER: b

1. A significant number of children today                .
2. willhavethesamedevelopmenttrajectorytoadulthood
3. donotgrowoutoftheirchildhooddifficultiesbyadulthood
4. facegreaterstressorsatearlieragesthanchildrenofthepast
5. havethesametypesofproblemsaschildrenofthepast

ANSWER: b

1. Whichchildrenaredisproportionatelyafflictedwithmentalhealthproblems?
2. Those who are recentimmigrants
3. Those who are onlychildren
4. Thosewithmorethantwosiblings
5. Thoseborntoparentswithmentalhealthissues

ANSWER: d

1. Thesignificantdifficultiesthatchildreninchronicpovertyexperiencemaybedueto             .
2. damage to thecerebellum
3. an underactiveamygdala
4. certain geneticmarkers
5. impaired prefrontal cortexdevelopment

ANSWER: d

1. Which statement is true regarding LGBTyouth?
   1. Theyaremorelikelytoseekhelpfromadults.
   2. Theyoftenexperienceverbalandphysicalabuse.
   3. They have fewer academicproblems.
   4. Theyaremorelikelytobebullies.

ANSWER: b

1. Whichstatementreflectsthedifferencesinmentalhealthproblemsbetweenboysandgirls?
2. Anxietydisordersaremorecommoninboysthangirls.
3. Sexdifferencesinproblembehaviorsexhibitbyearlyinfancy.
4. Boysdemonstratemoredifficultiesthangirlsstartinginearlyadolescence.
5. Boys’externalizingproblemsaremoreprevalentthangirls’inthepreschoolyears.

ANSWER: d

1. Whichstatementistrueaboutchildrenwithmentalhealthproblemsfromethnicandracialminoritygroups?
2. MinoritychildrenintheUnitedStatesareoverrepresentedinratesofsomedisorders.
3. Nodifferencesemergeinrelationtoraceandmentalhealthevenwhencontrollingforotherfactors.
4. Minoritychildrenandyouthdonotfaceanymoredisadvantagesinlifethanotherchildren.
5. Ethnicrepresentationinresearchstudieshasreceiveda great deal of attention in studies of child psychopathology.

ANSWER: a

1. Eachyearnearly                      verifiedreportsofchildabuseandneglectarereportedintheUnitedStates. a. 100,000

b. 200,000

c. 500,000

d. 1,000,000

ANSWER: d

1. phone surveys suggestthatabout       of 10- to 16-year-olds experience physical and/or sexualabuse.
2. one-tenth
3. one-fourth
4. one-third
5. one-half

ANSWER: c

1. Phone surveys suggestthatabout       of 12- to 17-year-olds met criteria for either post-traumaticstress disorder, major depressive episode, or substanceabuse/dependence.
2. 1% to 5%
3. 5% to 9%

c. 16% to 19%

d. 20% to 35%

ANSWER: c

1. Whichofthefollowingissuesmakeadolescencea particularly vulnerable period?
2. Risky sexualbehavior
3. Sportingteams
4. Chores athome
5. Technologyuse

ANSWER: a

1. Children with the most chronic andseriousdisorders    .
2. aremorelikelytoreceivehelp,andtherefore,tosucceedinschool
3. facesizabledifficultiesthroughouttheirlives
4. arelesslikelytohavesocialproblemsinonlinevenues
5. donottendtocarrya psychiatric disorder into adulthood

ANSWER: b

1. What might be one consequence associated with childpsychopathology?
2. Increased demands on community resources, such as healthsystems
3. Lessfundingforeducationalinstitutions
4. Less interest ininterventions
5. Increasedfundingforcriminaljusticesystems

ANSWER: a

1. Themostdangerousplacefora child to try to grow up in America is at the intersection of                .
2. race andpoverty
3. race andethnicity
4. child maltreatment and nonaccidentaltrauma
5. poverty andethnicity

ANSWER: a

1. Whichofthefollowingdisadvantagescanimpaira child’s developmental progress significantly?
2. Lesseducation
3. Limitedresources
4. Greater exposure toviolence
5. All of these arecorrect

ANSWER: d

1.                    % of homeless families in the United States are headed by women. a. 100
2. 40
3. 88
4. 90

ANSWER: d

1. Untilthemid-twentiethcentury,whichmentalconditionwasbelievedtobecausedbyinadequate,uncaring parents?
2. Bipolardisorder
3. Autism
4. Depression
5. Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)

ANSWER: b

1. AccordingtosurveysconductedinNorthAmerica,oneineightchildrenhasa mental health problem that

                     .

1. impairsfunctioning
2. results in poordevelopment
3. results inmalnutrition
4. All of these arecorrect

ANSWER: b

1. Mentalhealthandsubstanceabusesocialworkersareprojectedtohavethelargestshortageofmorethan

                   counselors nationwide in 2025. a. 50,000

b. 2,000

c. 30,000

d. 10,000

ANSWER: d

1. How has the societal view of children changed throughout history and who were some of the major historical figures responsible for these changes?

ANSWER: Early writings suggest that children were considered servants of the state in the city-states of early Greece. Ancient Greek and Roman societies believed that any person—young or old—with a physical or mental handicap, disability, or deformity was an economic burden and a social embarrassment, and thus was to be scorned, abandoned, or put to death. Today we recognize children as valuable, independent of any other purpose, to help them develop normal lives and competencies. Some of the major influences were Freud, Watson, and Locke.

1. Compare and contrast various childhood risk factors that increase a child’s vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder.

ANSWER: Children who face many known risk factors, such as community violence and parental divorce, are vulnerable to abnormal development. Acute, stressful situations as well as chronic adversity put children’s successful development at risk. Chronic poverty, serious care-giving deficits, parental mental illness, divorce, homelessness, and racial prejudice are known risk factors that increase children’s vulnerability to psychopathology—especially in the absence of compensatory strengths and resources.

1. In regard to legislation pertaining to children with special needs and education, what is IDEA and what does it mandate?

ANSWER: In the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates free and appropriate public education for any child with special needs in the least restrictive environment for that child; each child with special needs, regardless of age, must be assessed with culturally appropriate tests; each of these children must have an individualized education program (IEP) tailored to his or her needs, and must be reassessed.

1. What is an IEP and what is its purpose?

ANSWER: An IEP is an individualized education program tailored to his or her needs and must be reassessed.

1. What is the goal of the Treaty that the United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2007 regarding persons with disabilities?

ANSWER: In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a new convention to protect the rights of persons with disabilities around the world. This convention represents an important shift from addressing the “special needs” of children to realizing their rights and removing the physical, linguistic, social, and cultural barriers that remain. Countries that ratify the convention agree to enact laws and other measures to improve disability rights, and also to abolish legislation, customs, and practices that discriminate against persons with disabilities.

1. What should be considered when diagnosing most child and adolescent psychological disorders?

ANSWER: To judge what is abnormal, we need to be sensitive to each child’s stage of development and consider each child’s unique methods of coping and way of compensating for difficulties.

1. In what ways can low income and/or poverty affect children’s development?

ANSWER: Poverty has a significant, yet indirect, effect on children’s adjustment, most likely because of its association with negative influences—particularly harsh, inconsistent parenting and elevated exposure to acute and chronic stressors—that define the day-to-day experiences of children in poverty.

1. Define the concept of competence. How may competence be assessed?

ANSWER: Definitions of abnormal child behavior must consider the child’s competence—that is, the ability to successfully adapt in the environment. Developmental tasks, which include broad domains of competence such as conduct and academic achievement, tell how children typically progress within each domain as they grow. Knowledge of the developmental tasks provides an important backdrop for considering a child or adolescent’s developmental progress and impairments.

1. Distinguish between the concepts of multifinality and equifinality. Provide an example of each concept.

ANSWER: Multifinality is a concept that proposes that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings (in this case, child maltreatment). Equifinality is a concept that proposes that similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways.

1. Distinguish between risk and resilience.

ANSWER: A risk factor is a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur. Children who survive risky environments by using their strong self-confidence, coping skills, and abilities to avoid risk situations may be considered resilient—they seem able to fight off or recover from their misfortune.

1. What are some of the key factors affecting rates and expression of mental disorders?

ANSWER: New pressures and social changes may place children at increasing risk for the development of disorders at younger ages (Obradovic et al., 2010). Many stressors today are quite different from those faced by our parents and grandparents. Some have been around for generations: chronic poverty, inequality, family breakup, single parenting, and so on. Others are more recent or are now more visible: homelessness, adjustment problems of children in immigrant families, inadequate child care available to working parents, and conditions associated with the impact of prematurity, parental HIV, and cocaine or alcohol abuse on children’s growth and development.

1. What are some of the findings regarding sex differences in children’s mental health problems?

ANSWER: Hyperactivity, autism, childhood disruptive behavior disorders, and learning and communication disorders are more common in boys than in girls; the opposite is true for most anxiety disorders, adolescent depression, and eating disorders.

1. What child-rearing environment predicts the best resiliency for boys, and which predicts the best for girls?

ANSWER: Resilience in boys is associated with households in which there is a male role model (such as a father, grandfather, or older brother); structure; rules; and some encouragement of emotional expressiveness. In contrast, girls who display resilience come from households that combine risk taking and independence with support from a female caregiver.

1. Discuss the influence of race and ethnicity in the development of psychological disorders.

ANSWER: Children from certain ethnic and racial groups in the United States are overrepresented in rates of some disorders, such as substance abuse, delinquency, and teen suicide (Nguyen et al., 2007). However, once the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), sex, age, and referral status are controlled for (, the unique contributions of these factors are removed or accounted for), few differences in the rate of children’s psychological disorders emerge in relation to race or ethnicity.

1. Discuss the difficulties sexual minority youth experience in society and which mental health disorders they are most at risk for developing.

ANSWER: According to several large surveys of LGBT youths in middle and high schools, they are more likely to be victimized by their peers as well as by family members, and they report more bullying, teasing, harassment, and physical assault than other students. Given the stigma and prejudice that exist in many parts of society, it is not surprising that young people who are LGBT have higher rates of mental health problems, including depression and suicidal behavior, substance abuse, and risky sexual behavior, as compared with their heterosexual counterparts.