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Test Bank For An Invitation to Environmental Sociology 5th Edition by Michael M Bell , Loka L. Ashwood

 

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What student Can Expect From A Test Bank?

A test bank will include the following questions:

1. True/False
2. Multiple Choice Questions
3. Matching Questions
4. Fill In The Blanks
5. Essay Questions
6. Short  Questions

 

Description

                  Chapter 9: The Human Nature of Nature

                  Test Bank

 

NOTE: the correct answer to each Multiple Choice, True/False, Short Answer, and Essay Questions are italicized.

 

Multiple Choice: Choose the BEST answer from the four foils provided.

 

1. Which of the following is not “nature” or “natural” according to Aristotle? (p. 255)
   1. A wooden bed
   2. Molten lava
   3. A breath of fresh air
   4. A violently destructive tornado

 

2. Which of the following is “nature” or “natural” according to Aristotle? (p. 255)
   1. A wooden bed made by a human
   2. A dam made by a beaver
   3. Hives made by bees
   4. Fires made by spontaneous combustion

 

3. Stephen Jay Gould replicated the “craniometry” research of Samuel G. Morton and concluded that: (p. 260)
   1. the smaller stature of females explained the difference in cranial size.
   2. cranial size does not indicate intelligence.
   3. feet size is a better predictor of intelligence.
   4. there is no significant difference between “races” in cranial size.

 

4. Where did the idea of the national park originate? (p. 265)
   1. In England where it was later transplanted to the United States
   2. In Southeast Asia
   3. On the Indian subcontinent
   4. In the United States

 

5. The example of the Keoladeo Ghana bird sanctuary established in Bharatpur, India demonstrates: (p. 269)
   1. that bird populations will increase if given sufficient wilderness in which to propagate.
   2. that local villagers have a devastating impact on wildlife.
   3. that humans and nature can coexist in harmony due to their interdependencies.
   4. that beneficial grazing was successful at overturning governmental ban on cattle grazing.

 

1. What is an environmental nonproblem? (p. 277)

1. Idealist conceptions of the environment that ignores problems
2. Industrial narratives that spin and suppress the evidence of environmental

problems

1. Scientific conflict over environmental problems that arises over disputed

evidence

1. A lie

 

1. The book argues that under moral holism, (p. 254)

1. environmental problems have emerged because we have tried to pretend that we are distinct from nature.
2. people are part of nature.
3. “Follow nature” is superfluous advice.
4. All of the above.

 

1. The authors’ argument that nature is an inescapably social and political phenomenon rests on the assumption that: (p. 258)

1. the ancients show us as much in their teachings.
2. nature is in part socially constructed.
3. scientific conflict over environmental issues arise over contested

data.

1. politics is a polluting force.

 

1. What is one example of environmental determinism? (p. 262)

1. Huntington’s claim that climate was correlated with civilization
2. The successful establishment of the Keoladeo Ghana bird sanctuary
3. The construction of climate change skepticism
4. Suburban and exurban zoning controls

 

1. How does the idea of an “ozone hole” exemplify social construction? (p. 265)

1. It’s an example of the realist–constructionist debate.
2. It threatens the natural conscience of environmentalists.
3. It demonstrates that how we see nature depends upon our perspective on social life.
4. The ozone hole is used as a metaphor to capture public and political attention.

 

1. Which of the following was the tragic example of naturalistic arguments used to promote racism? (p. 260)

1. Huntington’s civilization research
2. Morton’s Craniometry
3. The social construction of the ozone hole
4. The development of a bird sanctuary in India

 

1. The case of changes in agreement over global warming is a prime example of which concept? (p. 277)

1. Social reflection
2. Postmodernism
3. Environmental nonproblems
4. Social inconvenience of “nature”

 

1. What was Ellsworth Huntington’s conclusion about the relationship between climate and civilization? (p. 262)

1. That climate was poorly related to the degree of civilization of a people
2. That Europe and the northeastern United States were associated with the highest levels of civilization
3. That climate was correlated with size of skull
4. That climate shaped what forms of wilderness protection certain civilizations pursued

 

1. The author writes, “Wildness is a state of mind more than a state of ;       What does he mean by this? (p. 268)

1. Fixing environmental problems requires psychological change.
2. Morton’s Craniometry spoke to the way different people understood nature.
3. The political sphere uses larger-than-life metaphors to shift public opinion on environmental issues.
4. We socially construct the meaning of nature.

 

1. How has tourism’s rise been closely associated with environmentalism’s rise? (p. 272)

1. Environmentalism has long stressed giving value to what is far from one’s own home.
2. Tourists are attracted to places of man-made beauty.
3. Tourist travel to places that permit them the “tourist ;
4. The “culture of leisure” separates tourists from locals.

 

1. The best definition of ghosts of place is: (p. 274)

1. the way a landscape and its people can bring in the tourist’s dollars.
2. the way tourists need to “see” the landscape to give it significance.
3. the way local people experience landscape visually.
4. a sense of the presence of that which is not, and those who are not, physically there.

 

1. What was the primary argument of groups like Negative Population Growth, Zero Population Growth, and FAIR, Population–Environment Balance, according to the text? (p. 276)

1. Population growth is primarily from immigration.
2. Population growth negatively impacts our environment and quality of life.
3. Overpopulation causes environmental degradation, traffic jams, deteriorating infrastructures, and homelessness.
4. All of the above.

 

True or False: Please indicate whether the following statements are true or false by circling the correct ;Note to Instructors: If preparing an exam for electronic grading, these instructions should be modified to instruct students how to fill in their bubble sheets. For example, “Please indicate whether the following statements are true or false by blackening the correct oval, 1 or A for True, 2 or B for ;

 

1. True    False               In Climate and Civilization, Ellsworth Huntington

concluded that difficult climates produce people with the

greatest strength of will, the least idleness, and the

highest intelligence needed to survive harsh and extreme

conditions. (p. 260)

 

1. True    False               Latour and Freudenberg argue that we should

conceptualize the social and environmental as distinctly

separate categories or ideas. (p. 279)

 

1. True     False              Marx believed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection

                                    was used by elites to suppress the working class. (p. 258)

 

1. True    False               Government agencies in the correctly displayed the

depletion of ozone in the atmosphere as a “hole” to urge

action to decrease the release of CFC’s. (p. 265)

 

1. True    False               The traditional cattle grazing of the Maasai is the majo

cause of the decline of rhino and elephant populations in Kenya. (p. 270)

 

1. True     False              Actor network theory helps explain the dialogue between

                                          Ideal and material factors in the “nature-culture”

dichotomy. (p. 279)

 

 

Short Answer: Provide a brief response, not to exceed one paragraph.

 

1. The book argues that under moral separatism “we can’t follow ; Explain. (p. 254)

ANSWER: Under moral separatism, nature is different from us and is moved by different principles, it has no meaning for us. Thus nature is irrelevant and we cannot follow it.

 

1. Aristotle was concerned about “monism” within Plato’s view of creation. What is “monism” and why was Aristotle concerned about it? (p. 254)

ANSWER: Monism is the view that everything is good. As a result, Plato worried that there would become to be no difference—in fact, there is nothing at all.

 

1. Name and describe at least two of the four characteristics of an environmental non-problem. (p. 277)

ANSWER: First, industrialist attack the status of the science through “spinning” results by promoting contrarian scientists and intimidating others. Second, they use political appointees to edit and suppress government reports, to interfere in the work of individual government scientists, and to prevent government scientists from speaking to the media. Third, they have used the existing rules of political process to slow down government decision-making through holding frequent legislative hearings and to establish onerous rules and procedures for the release of findings by government agencies. And fourth, they have exploited the media’s love of controversy and desire to appear neutral by always including an opposing voice in a news story, even if that voice has little scientific credibility.

 

1. What are actor networks? (p. 281)

ANSWER: Bruno Latour and his colleagues have argued that we should regard the elements of what we often call “nature” and the “environment” as actors in a common network with human actors. Latour suggests that we call all these network elements, human and otherwise, actants, lest we fall into our old oppositions again. These actants mutually constitute one another, Latour says, through what he calls actor networks.

 

 

Essay: Provide a comprehensive response, not to exceed two pages. Several questions have more than one part to them; be sure to respond to each part of the question.

 

1. The ancient Indian fable of blind people encountering an elephant for the first time is used to demonstrate the realist-constructionist debate about environmental problems. Summarize this debate and provide an example of how the realist and constructionist perspective are complementary, not contradictory. (p. 264)

ANSWER: The realist idea of what you see is what you know is exemplified by different people grabbing different parts of the elephant and describing the elephant as so: Tail/snake; leg/tree; ear/leaf. Ecological dialogue rather suggests that what we see also interacts with what we believe, and vice versa. Thus, we can learn from what we see, but we also believe something larger about an elephant, and thus we can integrate these two ways of knowing.

 

1. Is it possible to “follow nature?” Defend your answer sociologically, drawing upon materials from the course. (p. 254)

ANSWER: Yes or No answer must discuss material holism and moral separatism

 

1. The development of a natural conscience depends upon the sense of a realm free from the pollution of social interests—a natural other, from which we may gain a sense of a natural me. But is such a realm possible? Can there be a moral realm that is truly free of social interests? Explain. (p. 254)

ANSWER: No. Because of the contradictions of nature, the processes of social selection and social reflection in nature, and the process of resonance, social ideas always shape our ideas of nature.

 

1. Give an example of how environmental policies have been used to promote social exclusion. (p. 275)

ANSWER: Restrictive zoning, restrictive immigration, relocation of residents, historical segregation, xenophobic arguments.

 

1. Based on your readings, how would you answer the question, “What is nature?” (p. 258)

ANSWER: Draw on social construction, notions of materialism and idealism in answer.

 

1. The sociologist Raymond Williams once wrote: “…the idea of nature contains, though often unnoticed, an extraordinary amount of human ; What did he mean by this? Of what theoretical approach is this statement an example? In your answer, draw upon the materials of this course to give at least three applications of Williams’ insight. (p. 258)

ANSWER: This is a social constructivist account that shows how society and politics shape the meaning of nature. This has evolved, from Thoreau to Rachel Carlson.

 

 

Identification: Please identify the following key terms, thinkers, and texts. The best identification answers will: 1) provide a succinct definition, explanation, or discussion of the term, thinker, or text; 2) give an example or elaboration; 3) where relevant, note the thinker with whom the term or text is associated, or the terms or texts with which the thinker is associated; and 4) note any closely related concepts or critiques. Items with asterisks (*) indicate those for which the thinker should be noted.

 

Key Terms

 

“monism”

natural conscience

Daoism

wu-wei

yu-wei

Dao

moral holism

moral separatism

social construction of nature*

social selection

social reflection

postmodernism

natural selection

survival of the fittest

naturalization

scientific racism

craniometry*

environmental determinism

culture of leisure

tourist gaze

ghosts of place

lifeboat ethics

environmental claims making

environmental counter-claims

nature-culture

ecological dialogue

social inconvenience of “nature”

actor network theory

resonance

 

 

Key Thinkers

 

Holmes Rolston

Aristotle

Plato

Raymond Williams

Charles Darwin

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Herbert Spencer

Samuel George Morton

Stephen Jay Gould

Ellsworth Huntington

Ramachandra Guha

Nancy Peluso

John Urry

Thomas Greider

Lorraine Garcovich

Claire Hinrichs

Garrett Hardin

John Hannigan

Bruno Latour

Bill Freudenberg

 

 

Key Texts

On the Origin of the Species (Charles Darwin)

Climate and Civilization (Ellsworth Huntington)

The Trouble with Wilderness (William Cronon)

 

 

Matching: Please match the term, thinker, and/or text in column A with its complement or correspondent in column B, by placing the appropriate identification letter/number in the space provided. (You may use answers more than once.) Note to Instructors: Scramble the items in column B before administering an exam. Also, if preparing an exam for electronic grading, the above instructions should be modified to instruct students how to fill in their bubble sheets.

Column A                                                             Column B

 

A    moral holism                                          ____    People are part of nature and environmental problems have emerged because we try to pretend otherwise.

B    holistic superfluousness                     ____    separatist irrelevance

C    nature                                                      ____    a source of change within itself

D   not nature                                               ____    man-made

E    wu wei                                                      ____    acting without deliberate effort

F    yu wei                                                       ____    acting deliberately

G   te                                                               ____    essence

H   Dao                                                            ____    the way

I     postmodernism                                     ____    truth is socially relative

J     Charles Darwin                                      ____    theory of natural selection

K    Charles Darwin                                      ____    On the Origins of the Species

L    naturalization                                        ____    used by science as a source of political legitimation

M   Ellsworth Huntington                            ____    environmental determinism

N   Ellsworth Huntington                            ____    Climate and Civilization

O   Bruno Latour                                           ____    nature-culture

P    William Freudenberg                           ____    socio-environmental

Q   Craniometry                                            ____    Samuel George Morton

R    Tourist Gaze                                           ____    John Urry

S   Garrett Hardin                                        ____    “Lifeboat ethics”