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Test Bank Essentials of The Living World 6th Edition By George Johnson
Essentials of the Living World, 6e (Johnson)
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1) The simplest organisms do not have nuclei. In the list below, which group has the simplest organisms?
A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Plantae
D) Animalia
E) Protista
Answer: A
Explanation: The Bacteria and the Archaea lack even the nuclear membrane which defines a true nucleus. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: List the six kingdoms of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
2) The process of using and transforming energy in living cells is called
A) response to stimulation.
B) complexity.
C) metabolism.
D) homeostasis.
E) evolution.
Answer: C
Explanation: Metabolism produces all of the chemicals needed for life. Please see sections and , focusing on metabolism.
Section: ;
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.; Explain the five general themes that define biology as a science.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) There are five properties of living things. Which of the following properties provides and increase in the number of organisms within a population?
A) growth and reproduction
B) metabolism
C) cellular organization
D) homeostasis
E) heredity
Answer: A
Explanation: Growth and reproduction provides an increase in an organisms size and an increase in the population. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
4) All living things are able to maintain stable internal conditions, whether they are unicellular, or complex, multicellular organisms. This property is called
A) metabolism.
B) homeostasis.
C) heredity.
D) cellular organization.
E) growth and reproduction.
Answer: B
Explanation: Homeostasis shows an organism working against the increase in entropy, or disorder, within itself. Please see sections and
Section: ;
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.; Explain the five general themes that define biology as a science.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5) In a multicellular organism, different tissues that function together are grouped into
A) organisms.
B) cells.
C) organs.
D) tissue systems.
E) atoms.
Answer: C
Explanation: Organs are an intermediate level in the hierarchical organization of living things. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: List the 13 hierarchical levels of the organization of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
6) All the populations of a particular kind of organism, that are able to interact with each other, are members of the same
A) community.
B) species.
C) habitat.
D) ecosystem.
E) kingdom.
Answer: B
Explanation: Species consists of the same organism that are able to interact with each other. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: List the 13 hierarchical levels of the organization of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7) The different populations of all the species in a given area make up a(n)
A) community.
B) association.
C) ecosystem.
D) population.
E) habitat.
Answer: A
Explanation: Communities include the living things which interact in a given area. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: List the 13 hierarchical levels of the organization of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
8) Charles Darwin used ________ to visualize the mechanisms of natural selection.
A) artificial selection
B) biology
C) natural history
D) evolution
E) scientific reasoning
Answer: A
Explanation: Artificial selection, which occurs when humans select organisms for particular traits, drives evolution like natural selection does. Please see section
Section:
Topic: History of Evolutionary Theory
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Explain the five general themes that define biology as a science.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
9) There are five general themes that serve to both unify and explain the science of biology. Which of the following falls outside of the underlying themes?
A) cooperation
B) flow of energy
C) evolution
D) creation
E) homeostasis
Answer: D
Explanation: Creation is an idea related to religion, which cannot be properly tested using the scientific method. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Explain the five general themes that define biology as a science.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
10) The proper order for steps in the scientific process is
A) predictions → testing → observation → hypothesis.
B) testing → observation → predictions → hypothesis.
C) hypothesis → observation → testing → predictions.
D) observation → hypothesis → predictions → testing.
E) predictions → observation → hypothesis → testing.
Answer: D
Explanation: Review section Testing can only come when observations have led to a hypothesis and predictions based on the hypothesis.
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
11) All organisms possess a genetic system that is based on
A) RNA.
B) protein.
C) DNA.
D) cells.
E) sugars.
Answer: C
Explanation: All living organisms have genes that are inherited. This genetic information is the form of genes on DNA. Please see sections and
Section: ;
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.; State how the theory of heredity is related to the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
12) The proper order for the hierarchy of increasing complexity is
A) organelles – cells – molecules – tissues – organs.
B) cells – molecules – organs – tissues – organelles.
C) molecules – organs – cells – tissues – organelles.
D) molecules – organelles – cells – tissues – organs.
E) organs – organelles – cells – molecules – tissues.
Answer: D
Explanation: The items in the hierarchical organization of life get larger as you proceed from atoms to ecosystems. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: List the 13 hierarchical levels of the organization of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
13) The test of a hypothesis is called a(n)
A) control.
B) experiment.
C) variable.
D) prediction.
E) conclusion.
Answer: B
Explanation: Experiments have treatments designed to see the effects of the variable which the hypothesis is trying to explain. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
14) Who is credited with discovering cells?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C) Robert Hooke
D) Francis Crick
E) Joseph Farman
Answer: C
Explanation: Hooke looked at a piece of cork and saw what looked like tiny rooms. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life; Cell Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: State the cell theory.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
15) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A) contains the information specifying what a cell is like.
B) is a source of energy that can be harvested by a cell.
C) is only present in higher cells.
D) is not passed from cell to cell.
E) is the main structural protein of a cell.
Answer: A
Explanation: Genes are encoded in DNA. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Gene Expression
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Define the term gene.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
16) The kingdom that includes mushrooms and yeast is the ________.
Answer: Fungi
Explanation: Mushrooms are spore-producing bodies of some fungi. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Kingdoms and Domains of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: List the six kingdoms of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
17) All living things use energy, a property known as ________.
Answer: metabolism
Explanation: Metabolism interconverts chemical compounds with energy stored in their bonds. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
18) As life-forms become more advanced, new properties occur. These properties are referred to as ________.
Answer: emergent
Explanation: Emergent properties arise from complexity and interaction. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Explain the origin of emergent properties.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
19) The information that determines what a cell is like, and how it interacts with other cells, is stored in the ________ molecule.
Answer: DNA
Explanation: DNA is the hereditary molecule of all living things. Please see sections and
Section: ;
Topic: Characteristics of Life; Gene Expression
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.; Define the term gene.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) The final step in the scientific process is the development of a ________.
Answer: conclusion
Explanation: The scientific process requires a decision to accept or reject a tested hypothesis. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method; Experimental Design
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
21) A collection of related hypotheses that have been shown to be true after extensive testing can be collectively called a ________.
Answer: theory
Explanation: Please see sections and Few hypotheses last so long to become theory.
Section: ;
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Distinguish between hypothesis and theory.; Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
22) A discrete unit of genetic information is called a ________.
Answer: gene
Explanation: Genes are units of DNA sequence coding for some function. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life; Gene Expression
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: Define the term gene.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
23) It is often publicized that excess dietary fats are linked to higher incidences of heart disease and cancer in humans. Choose the hypothesis that a scientist could test to examine this observation.
A) Eating more meat causes cancer.
B) Eating a diet of lard makes you fat.
C) Dietary fat, heart disease, and cancer are all somehow interrelated.
D) Calories from fat are correlated with an increase in heart disease.
E) The intake of 30% more than the recommended dietary fat, is correlated with an increase in heart disease and cancer.
Answer: E
Explanation: A hypothesis has to have testable material in it. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
24) A biologist wants to test the effectiveness of a new food additive on growth in mice. An effective control group would be one that
A) ate a higher concentration of food additive.
B) was kept in different conditions across the city with altering food additives.
C) was fed the same ration without the food additive.
D) ate a lower concentration of the food additive.
E) was kept under the same conditions and fed the same ration but without the food additive.
Answer: E
Explanation: A control omits the treatment which the experimenter wants to better understand, leaving a baseline for comparison. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
25) A scientist wants to study the effect of vitamin C on colds. He recruits 100 people with colds and gives the experimental group a pill containing 1,000 mg of vitamin C per day. The appropriate control group of this study would be given
A) nothing.
B) 2,000 mg of vitamin C per day.
C) orange juice every day.
D) a pill similar to the one containing vitamin C but lacking vitamin C.
E) 1,000 mg of another brand of vitamin C per day.
Answer: D
Explanation: A vitamin-C-free pill would simply eliminate any effect of vitamin C on health without confounding the experiment by using a non-pill treatment. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
26) Imagine that you have discovered a new organism that has all five properties of life. What hereditary material would it have?
Answer: DNA
Explanation: All living things use DNA for genetic information. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
27) At the cellular level, explain the hierarchical relationship between macromolecules, atoms, and molecules.
Answer: Atoms are the basic element of all matter. Atoms link together to form molecules. Smaller molecules link together to form macromolecules. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: List the 13 hierarchical levels of the organization of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
28) Many people think the term “theory” means someone’s idea about something. Explain the scientific use of the term “theory,” especially as it relates to the biological concept of evolution.
Answer: A theory in biology is a collection of related hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and have stood the test of time. The theory of evolution means that substantial evidence has been found to verify the notion that evolution has and is occurring among living organisms on earth.
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: Distinguish between hypothesis and theory.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
29) Scientists employ ________ at the very beginning of the scientific process.
A) observations
B) deductions
C) predictions
D) experiments
E) theories
Answer: A
Explanation: Observations of the living world lead a biologist to wonder why or how some process occurs. Finding the answer to that question requires the scientific process. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
30) After scientists observed that an ozone hole was developing over Antarctica, they measured levels of chemicals in the upper atmosphere. They found a surprising concentration of ozone-destroying
A) chlorofluorocarbons.
B) helium.
C) super nitric oxide.
D) mercury.
E) nitrogen.
Answer: A
Explanation: Please see section The noting of many atmospheric details led to the discovery of the ozone hole.
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
31) In 1865, Gregor Mendel stated that all genes of an organism are inherited as discrete units. This is known as the
A) theory of evolution.
B) theory of heredity.
C) natural selection observation.
D) gene theory.
E) cell theory.
Answer: B
Explanation: Review section Gregor Mendel made the first advances in describing inheritance of genes.
Section:
Topic: Gene Expression
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: State how the theory of heredity is related to the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
32) The cell theory
A) is supported by evidence provided by Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann.
B) states cells come from preexisting cells.
C) states living organisms are composed of cells.
D) states cells are the basic unit of life.
E) All of the answer choices related to the cell theory.
Answer: D
Explanation: Please see section Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, and Theodor Schwann were the first contributors of the cell theory.
Section:
Topic: Cell Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: State the cell theory.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
33) At the end of an experiment, a conclusion is formed based on the
A) analysis of the experiment.
B) general observations during the experiment.
C) needs of the group funding the experiment.
D) feelings or beliefs of the scientist conducting the experiment.
E) All of these choices are used by scientists to form conclusions.
Answer: A
Explanation: The conclusion involves accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The results of the experimental treatment(s) are compared to those of the control(s) to decide about the hypothesis. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
34) Which kingdom contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that live on the land?
A) Fungi
B) Plantae
C) Animalia
D) Protista
E) Archaea
Answer: B
Explanation: The land plants are large organisms growing on land, unlike the photosynthetic protists. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Kingdoms and Domains of Life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: List the six kingdoms of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
35) Which kingdom contains nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food externally?
A) Fungi
B) Plantae
C) Animalia
D) Protista
E) Archaea
Answer: A
Explanation: Fungi release enzymes into their habitat and absorb the nutrients released. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Kingdoms and Domains of Life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: List the six kingdoms of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
36) Which kingdom contains nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally?
A) Fungi
B) Plantae
C) Animalia
D) Protista
E) Archaea
Answer: C
Explanation: Animals ingest their food by one of several mechanisms, such as filter feeding. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Kingdoms and Domains of Life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: List the six kingdoms of life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
37) The theory of evolution states that genetic changes are passed to future generations from parent to offspring.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Charles Darwin stated that modification of genes are passed down. Please see section
Section:
Topic: History of Evolutionary Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: State how the theory of evolution is related to the gene theory.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
38) Some living organisms possess RNA as their only genetic material.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Only some viruses, which are not alive, use RNA in this way. Please see section
Section:
Topic: Characteristics of Life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: Name and describe the five basic properties shared by all living things.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
39) The theory of ________ explains the diversity of finch observed on the Galápagos Islands.
Answer: evolution
Explanation: Evolution says that natural selection chooses adaptations to various habitats. Please see section
Section:
Topic: History of Evolutionary Theory
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: State how the theory of evolution is related to the gene theory.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
40) Which statement would lose points on an exam about the scientific process?
A) Hypotheses can be rejected.
B) Alternative hypotheses can be proposed and tested after initial experimentation.
C) A scientific theory is mainly an educated “guess.”
D) Supernatural phenomena are not scientifically testable.
E) In a control experiment, the variable is not altered.
Answer: C
Explanation: Hypotheses are not just guesses but based on existing knowledge and theory. Please see sections and
Section: ;
Topic: Scientific Method; Experimental Design
Bloom’s: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: Distinguish between hypothesis and theory.; Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
41) Heat maps of the atmosphere indicate where the ozone layer is thinning. In thinner areas, you could hypothesize that there are higher amounts of ________ being emitted.
Answer: chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs
Explanation: Review the case study of the ozone hole discussed in section
Section:
Topic: Experimental Design
Bloom’s: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
42) Explain how a depletion in ozone might lead to a rise in the incidence of skin cancer.
Answer: The layer of ozone surrounding the earth shields us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. The UV rays are mutagenic, triggering changes in the DNA of our skin cells, giving rise to skin cancer. With less ozone, more UV rays hit the earth. If ozone-destroying CFCs continue to pollute the atmosphere, skin cancer rates will continue to climb.
Section:
Topic: Scientific Method; Experimental Design
Bloom’s: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: Explain how the six stages of a scientific investigation allow biologists to discover general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
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